Recent advances in periodate activated by carbon and carbon-doped materials in removing recalcitrant organics in water

Due to the excellent properties of various carbon and carbon doped materials, they have served as activators in advanced oxidation processes. Initially, carbon and carbon doped materials were used to activate peroxymonosulfate or peroxydisulfate to remove organics in water. Recently, they have been employed to activate periodate to degrade recalcitrant organics. Activated carbon, biochar, modified biochar, graphene, and other different carbon doped materials have shown superb activation performance in activating periodate and are receiving more and more attention. However, no review related to carbon and carbon doped materials/periodate processes has been found. Therefore, this review mainly focuses on discussing the mechanism, effectiveness, and influencing factors of periodate activation toward recalcitrant organics via various carbon and carbon doped materials. Furthermore, the activation methods of periodate and the recognization of the active species generated in the reaction are also summarized. Finally, the obstacles encountered by carbon and carbon doped materials/periodate systems are also elaborated with considerable solutions. This review offers a profile for greater exploring carbon and carbon doped materials/periodate systems in decomposing recalcitrant organics and proposes future research ideas about periodate-based advanced oxidation.