A critical review of Mnammox coupled with the NDMO for innovative nitrogen removal

In the context of increasing global nitrogen pollution, traditional biological nitrogen removal technologies like nitrification and denitrification are hindered by high energy consumption. Additionally, the deployment of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) technology is constrained due to the slow growth rate of Anammox bacteria and there is a bottleneck in nitrogen removal efficiency. To overcome these technical bottlenecks, researchers have discovered a revolutionary nitrogen removal technology that cleverly combines the redox cycling of manganese with nitrification and denitrification reactions. In this new process, manganese dependent anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Mnammox) bacteria can convert NH