Biomimetic Structural Hydrogels Reinforced by Gradient Twisted Plywood Architectures

). Additionally, through controlling geometry and compositional gradients of the hierarchical structures, a programmable shape morphing process allows for the fabrication of complex 3D hydrogels. This study not only offers valuable insights into advanced design strategies applicable to a broad range of promising hierarchical materials, but also pave the ways for load-bearing applications in tissue engineering, wearable devices, and soft robotics.