Diabetic Neuropathy: A Repercussion of Vitamin D Deficiency

Diabetes mellitus is a crucial health issue worldwide. The worldwide ubiquity is 8.8% among adults, which is predicted to rise to 10.4% by 2040. Diabetic neuropathy is a long-term complication associated with the diabetes mellitus condition, which primarily targets Schwann cells, peripheral axons and cell bodies (perikarya) in DRG (dorsal root ganglia). It can be accompanied by different factors such as metabolic factors such as insulin resistance, hypertension, obesity, low HDL level, and hypertriglyceridemia. The etiology of DPN is multifactorial. It is caused by hyperglycemia, micro-angiopathy, HbA1c, duration of diabetes, smoking status, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hypertension. Also, increased glucose conditions decrease vitamin D levels. Vitamin D, which is involved in neurotrophins such as NGF (nerve growth factor) and NCH (neuronal calcium homeostasis), plays a neuroprotective role in peripheral nerves. Depletionleads to vitamin D deficiency which further develops peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients. Accumulation of AGEs (advanced glycation end product) plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of sensory neuronal damage. It contributes to microangiopathy and endoneurial vascular dysfunction in peripheral nerves. With vitamin D supplementation, the neuropathy pain scores were improved.