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Reproductive ecology of Brown-cheeked Laughing Thrushes (Garrulax henrici) in Tibet

动物 生物 生态学 地理
作者
Xin Lü,Guohong Gong,Xianhai Zeng
出处
期刊:Journal of Field Ornithology [Association of Field Ornithologists]
卷期号:79 (2): 152-158 被引量:29
标识
DOI:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2008.00157.x
摘要

Most species in the genus Garrulax are found in subtropical or tropical areas of southeastern Asia, with few species adapted to temperate or high-altitude climates. We examined the behavior and reproductive ecology of Brown-cheeked Laughing Thrushes (G. henrici) from 1999 to 2005 at Xiongse Valley, Tibet. Cup-shaped nests located 0.4-2.6 m above ground were found in 13 different species of plants, with roses and barberries the most common nest substrates. Laughing thrushes were socially monogamous and no territorial behaviors were observed. Egg-laying was initiated in early May and ended by late August, with clutch sizes of either 2 or 3 eggs ( x =2.6 eggs). Incubation started with thefirst egg being laid and the incubation period lasted 13-17d(x = 15.8d). Young fledged at 14-16 d posthatching (x = 15.2 d). Of 38 nesting attempts with known fates, at least one nestling hatched in 32 nests (84%) and at least one young fledged from 21 nests (55%). The mean number of fledglings per successful nest was 2.2 (range 1-3; N ? 21 nests). Compared to lowland congeners, Brown-cheeked Laughing Thrushes produced smaller clutches and larger eggs. Such differences suggest that laughing thrushes may invest more energy in fewer offspring at higher altitudes, as reported for other avian species and populations, and this may represent an adaptive response to high-altitude environments where climates are harsh and food availability may be limiting. SINOPSIS. Ecolog?a reproductiva de Garrulax henrici en el Tibet La gran mayor?a de las especies del g?nero Garrulax se encuentran en ?reas tropicales y subtropicales del sureste de Asia, con algunas especies adaptadas a temperaturas de climas de gran elevaci?n. De 1999-2005 examinamos la conducta y ecolog?a reproductiva de G. henrici en el valle Xiongse, Tibet. Encontramos nidos a alturas entre 0.4-2.6 m, en 13 diferentes especies de plantas, siendo Rosa sericea y Berber?s hemleyana, los sustratos m?s comunes. La especie es socialmente mon?gama y no observamos conducta territorial. La puesta de huevos comenz? temprano en mayo y termin? en agosto, con carnadas entre 2-3 huevos (x = 2.6 huevos). La incubaci?n comenz? con la puesta del primer huevo y el eclosionamiento se llev? a cabo entre los 13-17 d?as (x = 15.8 d). Los pichones dejaron el nido entre los 14-16 d?as de edad (x = 15.2 d). De 38 intentos reproductivos, al menos un pich?n naci? en 32 nidos (84%) y al menos un pich?n dej? el nido en 21 de estos (55%). El promedio de pichones por nido exitoso result? ser de 2.2 (alcance de 1-3; TV = 21). Comparado con especies de lugares m?s bajos, G. henrici, produjo huevos de mayor tama?o pero carnadas m?s peque?as. Estas diferencias sugieren que a grandes alturas, estas aves muy bien pudieran invertir m?s energ?a en menos pichones que lo informado para otras especies de aves y poblaciones y que pudiera representar una respuesta adaptativa a ambientes a grandes alturas, en donde las inclemencias del tiempo son extremas y donde la comida pudiera ser un factor limitante.
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