Electrospun nanostructured scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

The current challenge in bone tissue engineering is to fabricate a bioartificial bone graft mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) with effective bone mineralization, resulting in the regeneration of fractured or diseased bones. Biocomposite polymeric nanofibers containing nanohydroxyapatite (HA) fabricated by electrospinning could be promising scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Nanofibrous scaffolds of poly-l-lactide (PLLA, 860 ± 110 nm), PLLA/HA (845 ± 140 nm) and PLLA/collagen/HA (310 ± 125 nm) were fabricated, and the morphology, chemical and mechanical characterization of the nanofibers were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and tensile testing, respectively. The in vitro biocompatibility of different nanofibrous scaffolds was also assessed by growing human fetal osteoblasts (hFOB), and investigating the proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and mineralization of cells on different nanofibrous scaffolds. Osteoblasts were found to adhere and grow actively on PLLA/collagen/HA nanofibers with enhanced mineral deposition of 57% higher than the PLLA/HA nanofibers. The synergistic effect of the presence of an ECM protein, collagen and HA in PLLA/collagen/HA nanofibers provided cell recognition sites together with apatite for cell proliferation and osteoconduction necessary for mineralization and bone formation. The results of our study showed that the biocomposite PLLA/collagen/HA nanofibrous scaffold could be a potential substrate for the proliferation and mineralization of osteoblasts, enhancing bone regeneration.