Ethical Decision‐Making Models: A Review of the Literature

A comprehensive review of the literature on ethical decision‐making models in counseling is presented, beginning in the fall of 1984 through the summer of 1998. (Materials “in press” were considered.) A general overview of the literature is provided. Theoretically or philosophically based, practice‐based, and specialty‐relevant approaches are surveyed. The literature is rich with publications describing decision‐making models, although few models have been assessed empirically, and few models seem well grounded philosophically or theoretically.