Role of Solid-Gas Interface of Nanobubbles for Therapeutic Applications

The development of nanoscale particles offers tremendous potential for the formulation of nanobubbles, an area of great interest in therapeutic ultrasound, detection, diagnosis, and drug delivery systems. This review compiles information for designing nanobubbles tailored to various applications such as color Doppler imaging, multidrug-resistant treatment, cosmeceuticals, gene therapy, cancer treatment, water treatment, and so forth. Nanobubbles also extend a path for convenient and eco-friendly systems for cleaning conducting surfaces. We anticipate that this review will provide insights into nanobubble formulation, applications, and future approaches. It also focuses on newer technologies and formulation of gases, polymers, and excipients. Nanobubbles emerge as novel biocompatible, nontoxic carriers for clinical and commercial applications in healthcare but have yet to be explored in other fields.