Mapping anthropogenic emissions in China at 1 km spatial resolution and its application in air quality modeling

New challenges are emerging in fine-scale air quality modeling in China due to a lack of high-resolution emission maps. Currently, only a few emission sources have accurate geographic locations (point sources), while a large part of sources, including industrial plants, are estimated as provincial totals (area sources) and spatially disaggregated onto grid cells based on proxies; this approach is reasonable to some extent but is highly questionable at fine spatial resolutions. Here, we compile a new comprehensive point source database that includes nearly 100,000 industrial facilities in China. We couple it with the frame of Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC), estimate point source emissions, combine point and area sources, and finally map China's anthropogenic emissions of 2013 at the spatial resolution of 30″×30″ (~1 km). Consequently, the percentages of point source emissions in the total emissions increase from less than 30% in the MEIC up to a maximum of 84% for SO2 in 2013. The new point source-based emission maps show the uncoupled distribution of emissions and populations in space at fine spatial scales, however, such a pattern cannot be reproduced by any spatial proxy used in the conventional emissions mapping. This new accurate high-resolution emission mapping approach reduces the modeled biases of air pollutant concentrations in the densely populated areas compared to the raw MEIC inventory, thus improving the assessment of population exposure.