Visualizing cation treatment effects on frozen clay soils through μCT scanning

X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanning is a proven technique with applications in geoscience, soil science, and geotechnical engineering. Here we apply the technique to investigate the effects of cation treatments on clayey soil micro-fabric in a frozen state. We imaged six suites of frozen cation-treated soils (montmorillonite, kaolinite, illite, illite-smectite, chlorite, and Copper River heterogeneous soil) at a resolution of 8.17 μm. Although this resolution was insufficient to observe differences in microaggregate formation as a result of cation treatment, we did observe micro-lenticular ice structures in the smectite-bearing soils that were invisible to the unaided eye. Quantitative analysis of the morphometric parameters from the illite-smectite and Copper River sample suites provided results that supported the visual observations, with the Copper River heterogeneous soil being more frost susceptible than illite-smectite, regardless of cation treatment. The μCT results of these small soil cores also indicate that within the Copper River suite, the Ca2+-treated and Na+-treated samples are the most and least frost susceptible, respectively, which is in agreement with previous frost heave testing. Results from this study indicate that μCT morphometric parameters can be used to quantify micro-lenticular ice lens formation in small samples and to serve as a quality control on sample preparation.