Racial Differences in Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA and Mitochondrial DNA After Heart Transplantation, on Behalf of the GRAfT Investigators

Background: Black heart transplant patients are at higher risk of acute rejection (AR) and death than White patients. We hypothesized that this risk may be associated with higher levels of donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) and cell-free mitochondrial DNA. Methods: The Genomic Research Alliance for Transplantation is a multicenter, prospective, longitudinal cohort study. Sequencing was used to quantitate dd-cfDNA and polymerase chain reaction to quantitate cell-free mitochondrial DNA in plasma. AR was defined as ≥2R cellular rejection or ≥1 antibody-mediated rejection. The primary composite outcome was AR, graft dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction <50% and decrease by ≥10%), or death. Results: We included 148 patients (65 Black patients and 83 White patients), median age was 56 years and 30% female sex. The incidence of AR was higher in Black patients compared with White patients (43% versus 19%; P =0.002). Antibody-mediated rejection occurred predominantly in Black patients with a prevalence of 20% versus 2% ( P <0.001). After transplant, Black patients had higher levels of dd-cfDNA, 0.09% (interquartile range, 0.001–0.30) compared with White patients, 0.05% (interquartile range, 0.001–0.23; P =0.003). Beyond 6 months, Black patients showed a persistent rise in dd-cfDNA with higher levels compared with White patients. Cell-free mitochondrial DNA was higher in Black patients (185 788 copies/mL; interquartile range, 101 252–422 133) compared with White patients (133 841 copies/mL; interquartile range, 75 346–337 990; P <0.001). The primary composite outcome occurred in 43% and 55% of Black patients at 1 and 2 years, compared with 23% and 27% in White patients, P <0.001. In a multivariable model, Black patient race (hazard ratio, 2.61 [95% CI, 1.35–5.04]; P =0.004) and %dd-cfDNA (hazard ratio, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.03–1.28]; P =0.010) were associated with the primary composite outcome. Conclusions: Elevated dd-cfDNA and cell-free mitochondrial DNA after heart transplant may mechanistically be implicated in the higher incidence of AR and worse clinical outcomes in Black transplant recipients. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT02423070.