细胞激素风暴
免疫学
免疫系统
生物
获得性免疫系统
细胞毒性T细胞
病毒学
病毒
抗体
免疫
生发中心
细胞因子
CD8型
无症状的
冠状病毒
干扰素
疾病
B细胞
2019年冠状病毒病(COVID-19)
医学
传染病(医学专业)
遗传学
体外
病理
作者
István Vályi‐Nagy,Ferenc Uher,Éva Rákóczi,Zoltán Szekanecz
标识
DOI:10.3390/ijms232213951
摘要
The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes various conditions, from asymptomatic infection to the fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). An intact immune system can overcome SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections. Defective natural, mainly interferon I- and III-dependent, responses may lead to the spread of the virus to multiple organs. Adaptive B- and T-cell responses, including memory, highly influence the severity and outcome of COVID-19. With respect to B-cell immunity, germinal centre formation is delayed or even absent in the most severe cases. Extrafollicular low-affinity anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody production will occur instead of specific, high-affinity antibodies. Helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells become hyperactivated and then exhausted, leading to ineffective viral clearance from the body. The dysregulation of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, as well as lymphocyte hyperreactivity, might lead to the robust production of inflammatory mediators, also known as cytokine storm. Eventually, the disruption of this complex network of immune cells and mediators leads to severe, sometimes fatal COVID-19 or another viral disease.
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