Pulmonary Dysfunction after Pediatric COVID-19

Background Long COVID occurs at a lower frequency in children and adolescents than in adults. Morphologic and free-breathing phase-resolved functional low-field-strength MRI may help identify persistent pulmonary manifestations after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Purpose To characterize both morphologic and functional changes of lung parenchyma at low-field-strength MRI in children and adolescents with post-COVID-19 condition compared with healthy controls. Materials and Methods Between August and December 2021, a cross-sectional clinical trial using low-field-strength MRI was performed in children and adolescents from a single academic medical center. The primary outcome was the frequency of morphologic changes at MRI. Secondary outcomes included MRI-derived functional proton ventilation and perfusion parameters. Clinical symptoms, the duration from positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test result, and serologic parameters were compared with imaging results. Nonparametric tests for pairwise and corrected tests for groupwise comparisons were applied to assess differences in healthy controls, recovered participants, and those with long COVID. Results A total of 54 participants after COVID-19 infection (mean age, 11 years ± 3 [SD]; 30 boys [56%]) and nine healthy controls (mean age, 10 years ± 3; seven boys [78%]) were included: 29 (54%) in the COVID-19 group had recovered from infection and 25 (46%) were classified as having long COVID on the day of enrollment. Morphologic abnormality was identified in one recovered participant. Both ventilated and perfused lung parenchyma (ventilation-perfusion [V/Q] match) was higher in healthy controls (81% ± 6.1) compared with the recovered group (62% ± 19; P = .006) and the group with long COVID (60% ± 20; P = .003). V/Q match was lower in patients with time from COVID-19 infection to study participation of less than 180 days (63% ± 20; P = .03), 180-360 days (63% ± 18; P = .03), and 360 days (41% ± 12; P < .001) as compared with the never-infected healthy controls (81% ± 6.1). Conclusion Low-field-strength MRI showed persistent pulmonary dysfunction in children and adolescents who recovered from COVID-19 and those with long COVID. Clinical trial registration no. NCT04990531 © RSNA, 2022 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Paltiel in this issue.