Regulation of the macrophage‐hepatic stellate cell interaction by targeting macrophage peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma to prevent non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis progression in mice

Abstract Background & Aims Macrophages display remarkable plasticity and can interact with surrounding cells to affect hepatic immunity and tissue remodelling during the progression of liver diseases. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) plays a critical role in macrophage maturation, polarization and metabolism. In this study, we investigated the role of PPARγ in macrophage–hepatic stellate cell (HSC) interaction during non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) development. Methods Wild‐type, Pparg fl/fl and Pparg ΔLyz2 mice were fed a methionine‐ and choline‐deficient (MCD) diet to induce NASH. Depletion of macrophages was performed using an injection of gadolinium chloride intraperitoneally. PPARγ‐overexpressing or PPARγ‐knockout macrophages were stimulated with saturated fatty acid (SFA) and cocultured with HSCs in a conditioned medium or the transwell coculture system. Results Depletion of macrophages inhibited HSC activation and ameliorated NASH progression in MCD diet‐fed mice. Coculturing HSCs with macrophages or culturing HSCs in a macrophage‐conditioned medium‐facilitated HSC activation, and this effect was magnified when macrophages were metabolically activated by SFA. Moreover, the absence of PPARγ in macrophages enhanced metabolic activation, promoting the migration and activation of HSCs through IL‐1β and CCL2. In contrast, overexpression of PPARγ in macrophages obtained the opposite effects. In vivo, macrophage‐specific PPARγ knockout affected the phenotype of hepatic macrophages and HSCs, involving the MAPK and NLRP3/caspase‐1/IL‐1β signalling pathways. Infiltrating hepatic monocyte‐derived macrophages became the predominant macrophages in NASH liver, especially in Pparg ΔLyz2 mice, paralleling with aggravated inflammation and fibrosis. Conclusions Regulating macrophage PPARγ affected the metabolic activation of macrophages and their interaction with HSCs. Macrophage‐specific PPARγ may be an attractive therapeutic target for protecting against NASH‐associated inflammation and fibrosis.