Abnormal Placentation: Placenta Previa, Placenta Accreta and Vasa Previa - An Overview

Aberrations in the normal development of the placenta include placenta previa or low -lying placenta, placenta accreta and vasa previa. Prenatal diagnosis is critical since any of these illnesses can have a significant impact on labour, birth, and the third stage management. In recent years, there has been a surge in the occurrence of these placental abnormalities, with the increase in the LSCS (Lower Segment C -Section) rate regarded to be a significant cause of this phenomena. Early identification of impaired placental implantation can be obtained by combining a comprehensive risk assessment with modern advances in ultrasonography. Pathologies involving the insertion of the umbilical cord are also a source of concern. The atrophy of sections of the growing placenta causes velamentous cord insertion, which is an abnormality in the insertion site of the umbilical cord. Because Wharton's jelly does not protect the blood vessels of the umbilical cord in this state, the amniotic membranes are more likely to rupture. A velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord in which blood vessels are present over the cervical os (Cervical Orifice) is known as a vasa previa. The foetus may suffer devastating consequences if these blood veins rupture during childbirth. This article provides a review of epidemiology, clinical importance, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management options for this condition, thus providing safe, effective care and management.