Bone‐Targeted Exosomes: Strategies and Applications

Abstract As the global population ages, bone‐related diseases have increasingly become a major social problem threatening human health. Exosomes, as natural cell products, have been used to treat bone‐related diseases due to their superior biocompatibility, biological barrier penetration, and therapeutic effects. Moreover, the modified exosomes exhibit strong bone‐targeting capabilities that may improve efficacy and avoid systemic side effects, demonstrating promising translational potential. However, a review of bone‐targeted exosomes is still lacking. Thus, the recently developed exosomes for bone‐targeting applications in this review are focused. The biogenesis and bone‐targeting regulatory functions of exosomes, the constructive strategies of modified exosomes to improve bone‐targeting, and their therapeutic effects for bone‐related diseases are introduced. By summarizing developments and challenges in bone‐targeted exosomes, It is striven to shed light on the selection of exosome constructive strategies for different bone diseases and highlight their translational potential for future clinical orthopedics.