Anti‐Warburg effect via generation of ROS and inhibition of PKM2/β‐catenin mediates apoptosis of lambertianic acid in prostate cancer cells

Abstract To elucidate the underlying antitumor mechanism of lambertianic acid (LA) derived from Pinus koraiensis , the role of cancer metabolism related molecules was investigated in the apoptotic effect of LA in DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells. MTT assay for cytotoxicity, RNA interference, cell cycle analysis for sub G1 population, nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction, lactate, Glucose and ATP assay by ELISA, Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, Western blotting, and immunoprecipitation assay were conducted in DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells. Herein LA exerted cytotoxicity, increased sub G1 population and attenuated the expression of pro‐Caspase3 and pro‐poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (pro‐PARP) in DU145 and PC3 cells. Also, LA reduced the expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), glycolytic enzymes such as hexokinase 2 and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) with reduced production of lactate in DU145 and PC3 cells. Notably, LA decreased phosphorylation of PKM2 on Tyr105 and inhibited the expression of p‐STAT3, cyclin D1, C‐Myc, β‐catenin, and p‐GSK3β with the decrease of nuclear translocation of p‐PKM2. Furthermore, LA disturbed the binding of p‐PKM2 and β‐catenin in DU145 cells, which was supported by Spearman coefficient (0.0463) of cBioportal database. Furthermore, LA generated ROS in DU145 and PC3 cells, while ROS scavenger NAC (N‐acetyl L‐cysteine) blocked the ability of LA to reduce p‐PKM2, PKM2, β‐catenin, LDHA, and pro‐caspase3 in DU145 cells. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that LA induces apoptosis via ROS generation and inhibition of PKM2/β‐catenin signaling in prostate cancer cells.