Anti-freezing, recoverable and transparent conductive hydrogels co-reinforced by ethylene glycol as flexible sensors for human motion monitoring

Wearable flexible sensors based on conductive hydrogels have received extensive attention in the fields of electronic skin and smart monitoring. However, conductive hydrogels contain a large amount of water, which greatly affects their performances in harsh environments. It is therefore necessary to prepare hydrogel sensors that are stable at low temperatures. Herein, metal ions (MgCl2) and ethylene glycol (EG) were combined with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to obtain a conductive PVA/EG hydrogel with tensile strength and elongation at break of 1.1 MPa and 442.3 %, respectively, which could withstand >6000-fold its own weight. The binary solvent system composed of water and EG contributed to the excellent anti-freezing properties and long-term storage (>1 week), flexibility, and stability of the hydrogel even at -20 °C. The wearable PVA/EG hydrogel as a flexible sensor possessed desirable sensing performances with a competitive GF value of 0.725 and fatigue resistance (50 cycles) when used to monitor various human motions and physiological signals. Overall, this hydrogel sensor shows strong potential for application in the fields of human motion monitoring, written information sensing, and information encryption and transmission.