Recent advances in two dimensional nanomaterial-based electrochemical (bio)sensing platforms for trace-level detection of amino acids and pharmaceuticals

Emerging interest in developing multi-functional nanomaterials for industrial and clinical diagnosis creates novel and beneficial opportunities for the fabrication of new-generation sensing devices and their quantitative-purposed applications. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with outstanding chemical, physical and electronic properties no doubt hold great promise to construct analytical-based sensors for electrochemical applications. It is well-known that 2D-based electrochemical (bio)sensors present an excellent catalytic activity and superior analytical performance towards the target molecules. This review presents a first comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art progress in the design of electrochemical (bio)sensors including 2D nanostructures for only trace level detection of amino acids and pharmaceuticals. In this scope, we especially paid considerable attention to the design and fabrication of 2D electrochemical (bio)sensors and their analytical applications. This review concludes with a discussion about new possibilities/significant challenges for designing of 2D-based sensing devices, and future aspects of 2D-based new-generation sensors for clinical and industrial applications.