Exercise, autoimmune diseases and T-regulatory cells

Diverse forms of physical activities contribute to improvement of autoimmune diseases and may prevent disease burst. T regulatory cells (Tregs) maintain tolerance in autoimmune condition. Physical activity is one of the key factors causing enhancement of Tregs number and functions, keeping homeostatic state by its secrotome. Muscles secrete myokines like IL-6, PGC1α (PPARγ coactivator-1 α), myostatin, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily), IL-15, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and others. The current concept points to the role of exercise in induction of highly functional and stable muscle Treg phenotype. The residing-Tregs require IL6Rα signaling to control muscle function and regeneration. Skeletal muscle Tregs IL-6Rα is a key target for muscle-Tregs cross-talk. Thus, interplay between the Tregs-skeletal muscle, following exercise, contribute to the balance of immune tolerance and autoimmunity. The cargo delivery, in the local environment and periphery, is performed by extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by muscle and Tregs, which deliver proteins, lipids and miRNA during persistent exercise protocols. It has been suggested that this ensemble induce protection against autoimmune diseases.