Single‐cell RNA sequencing highlights the role of proinflammatory fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and immune cells in the keloid immune microenvironment

Abstract Background Keloids, characterized by an aberrant wound‐healing process and a highly complex immune microenvironment, pose significant challenges for clinical management. Fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells (VEC) were identified as the leading cells of keloid development. However, their roles in the keloid immune landscape have yet to be thoroughly elucidated. Methods To explore the functional state of cells in the immune landscape of keloids, we conducted a single‐cell RNA sequencing analysis on the tissue from three keloid lesions and two specimens of healthy skin. We simultaneously utilized available keloid data from the public database for external validation. Results Specific subsets, such as proinflammatory fibroblasts (piF) and VEC, were markedly elevated in lesional skin compared to normal skin. Subsequent differential gene expression and Gene Ontology analyses indicated that these subsets may be involved in shaping the microenvironment. In keloids, there is an increased expression of immune‐associated genes ( P < 0.05), including TNFRSF6B, HGF, and TGFB3, alongside a decreased expression of inflammatory chemokines in the piF. Moreover, the significant upregulation of immune suppressive genes ( P < 0.05), including CD39, CD73, and HIF1A, suggested the potential involvement of VEC as a conditional immune subpopulation in the keloid microenvironment. Immune cell communication analysis revealed preferential enrichment of macrophages and Tregs, highlighting intensified macrophage‐centered interactions within the keloid microenvironment. Conclusion Our study highlighted the role of piF and VEC in the immune microenvironment of keloids for the first time, providing potential targets for therapeutic development.