Optical control of sphingolipid biosynthesis using photoswitchable sphingosines

ABSTRACT Sphingolipid metabolism comprises a complex interconnected web of enzymes, metabolites and modes of regulation that influence a wide range of cellular and physiological processes. Deciphering the biological relevance of this network is challenging as numerous intermediates of sphingolipid metabolism are short-lived molecules with often opposing biological activities. Here, we introduce clickable, azobenzene-containing sphingosines, termed caSph s, as light-sensitive substrates for sphingolipid biosynthesis. Photo-isomerization of the azobenzene moiety enables reversible switching between a straight trans - and curved cis -form of the lipid’s hydrocarbon tail. Combining in vitro enzyme assays with metabolic labeling studies, we demonstrate that trans -to- cis isomerization of caSph s profoundly stimulates their metabolic conversion by ceramide synthases and downstream sphingomyelin synthases. These light-induced changes in sphingolipid production rates are acute, reversible, and can be implemented with great efficiency in living cells. Our findings establish caSph s as versatile tools with unprecedented opportunities to manipulate sphingolipid biosynthesis and function with the spatiotemporal precision of light.