The power of ChatGPT in revolutionizing rural healthcare delivery

The challenge of delivering sufficient healthcare services remains a formidable barrier confronting rural communities across the globe. Rural areas frequently grapple with significant impediments to the timely and suitable delivery of healthcare, ranging from a scarcity of healthcare professionals to the inadequacy of medical infrastructure, and the geographic challenges they present. Nonetheless, recent advancements in technology, most notably the advent of artificial intelligence (AI), have ushered in new and innovative prospects for improving healthcare accessibility and outcomes.1 Therefore, this commentary seeks to delve into the potential for harnessing the capabilities of ChatGPT, an advanced language model, to augment the delivery of healthcare services in remote and underserved regions. The practical application of ChatGPT in the industry related to healthcare in rural areas can be explored by individuals with a solid understanding of the foundation of ChatGPT. Understanding and responding to the text inputs can be done by ChatGPT conversationally with the aid of Natural Language Processing. ChatGPT can work as a generative chatbot powered by AI, and in this regard, its ability is huge. ChatGPT can answer the queries of patients and providers with information that is relevant.2 It can assist in appointment scheduling and manage reminders. Moreover, it can support professionals in the healthcare sector by helping in the process of decision-making. ChatGPT can offer services by safeguarding the sensitive information of patients by adhering to the guidelines of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.3 Importantly, beyond the level of patient communication as well as support, the benefits of chatbots are extended. This in turn reduces the workload on healthcare professionals and increases efficiency too.4 Telemedicine is identified as a significant utilization of ChatGPT in the context of rural healthcare.1 The integration of ChatGPT within telehealth platforms can facilitate virtual consultations, thereby enabling individuals residing in distant regions to access healthcare services without the necessity of physical transportation. The ChatGPT system enables patients to engage in a dialogue regarding their symptoms and obtain initial recommendations, thereby enabling healthcare practitioners to prioritize cases and offer suitable counsel. This approach not only alleviates the strain on healthcare facilities in rural areas but also guarantees prompt access to medical proficiency for individuals who encounter difficulties in reaching such facilities. The promotion of health education and awareness is of utmost importance in the context of preventive healthcare in rural regions. The language model possesses the capability to furnish clarifications and extend counsel on diverse health subjects, thereby endowing individuals with information about preemptive measures, prevalent illnesses, and lifestyle preferences. ChatGPT has the potential to mitigate the incidence of avoidable illnesses in rural communities by providing convenient access to dependable healthcare information. Healthcare professionals in rural areas frequently encounter the obstacles of constrained resources and a dearth of specialized knowledge, resulting in uncertainties surrounding both diagnosis and treatment. ChatGPT has the potential to function as a decision support system, providing aid to medical professionals in rural areas to make well-informed clinical decisions.5 Medical professionals can obtain guidance and ideas from ChatGPT by entering patient symptoms, medical histories, and test results, which can assist in achieving precise diagnoses and treatment plans.6, 7 The implementation of this technology has the potential to mitigate the shortage of specialized healthcare professionals in remote regions and enhance the general standard of healthcare delivery. From the perspective of rural health, another crucial application of ChatGPT is developing virtual assistants to aid patients in performing their health management.8 Automated summaries of patient interactions as well as medical histories can be generated, thereby streamlining in a better way the medical process of record-keeping for nurses and doctors.7, 9 The key details, like the symptoms of a disease, its diagnosis, and therapeutic management, can be summarized by medical professionals by leveraging ChatGPT. Relevant information from the records of patients, viz, results of laboratory tests or reports of imaging, can be easily extracted with the aid of a chatbot. Further, the patients can be assisted by ChatGPT to manage their medications through the provision of reminders, instructions regarding dosage, information about the side effects that can potentially harm the patients, and the interaction of drugs.10 The provision of mental health services in rural areas is frequently disregarded, leading to a dearth of available care for individuals undergoing emotional distress. ChatGPT has the potential to play a significant role in ameliorating this disparity by offering psychological assistance via online dialogues.2, 11 Through the utilization of empathetic and nonjudgmental communication, ChatGPT can provide guidance, coping mechanisms, and information about accessible resources to those who require assistance. The potential of this technology lies in its ability to mitigate the stigma surrounding mental health concerns and enhance the availability of counseling services in remote areas. ChatGPT can facilitate anonymity in conversations, ensuring full-time availability, offering educational materials, linking people with online communities and support groups focused on mental health, as well as giving information about local mental health services and facilities. The presence of language and cultural barriers can pose considerable challenges to the attainment of healthcare services in rural areas, particularly in areas with different demographics. The capacity of ChatGPT to process and produce responses that resemble human-like communication in numerous languages enables it to effectively engage with individuals from diverse cultural contexts. Furthermore, the model has the potential to undergo training that enables it to comprehend regional idiomatic expressions, customary practices, and belief systems, thereby ensuring culturally appropriate interactions and augmenting communication between healthcare providers and patients in rural healthcare contexts. A pictorial representation of ChatGPT in healthcare management is presented in Figure 1. Several crucial processes are involved in training ChatGPT to improve healthcare. Create a database of current and accurate medical information, recommendations, and patient interactions.5 The model must then be fine-tuned using the specialized healthcare data to ensure it comprehends medical context and language. Finally, include ChatGPT in healthcare processes to guarantee that it is a helpful tool for healthcare professionals by enhancing their access to reliable data, facilitating better decisions, and enhancing patient care.7 Alternatively, a healthcare management chatbot is needed because of the importance of healthcare choices and the necessity for precise, verified instructions. A dedicated healthcare management chatbot can be trained to understand healthcare processes, regulations, and best practices to provide reliable, evidence-based guidance to healthcare administrators, improving efficiency, effectiveness, patient outcomes, and safety.9 Integrating ChatGPT into healthcare delivery necessitates a stringent system of checks and balances to guarantee patient privacy, data security, and appropriate application. Protecting patient data with strong cybersecurity protections, testing against established parameters for effectiveness, and adhering to all applicable ethical principles. Although ChatGPT is undeniably a great tool, it encounters some difficulties when providing healthcare services in remote areas.12 In many remote places, high-quality internet connections take a lot of work. Additionally, concerns regarding data privacy and security persist. Misunderstandings might arise due to language and cultural differences, while the restricted availability of technology may result in the exclusion of many rural inhabitants from its advantages. Misdiagnosis is more likely with ChatGPT since it is not a replacement for physical exams, and its diagnostic accuracy depends on data quality.13, 14 Potential biases from training data, overreliance on it, and context-understanding issues are significant. The accuracy and reliability of ChatGPT's replies are dependent on the quality and comprehensiveness of its training data. It also needs help to grasp complicated or nuanced circumstances, which is problematic in healthcare settings where exact comprehension is crucial. ChatGPT must be carefully considered and adapted to work in tandem with rural healthcare without lowering standards of treatment or access. Future research should concentrate on bias prevention, real-time medical knowledge updates, contextual understanding, and uniform privacy and security measures. Improved digital infrastructure in rural regions, education and training, and healthcare AI validation and certification are also important. These initiatives are necessary to guarantee that AI technologies like ChatGPT improve rural healthcare.15 The implementation of ChatGPT in rural healthcare exhibits significant potential for mitigating the obstacles related to restricted accessibility and inadequate resources. Through the utilization of telemedicine, the provision of health education, implementation of decision support, provision of mental health support, and promotion of cultural sensitivity, ChatGPT has the potential to transform healthcare delivery in rural regions. It is crucial to recognize that although ChatGPT has the potential to enhance healthcare services, it must not supplant the necessity for human medical professionals. The implementation of such technology ought to be carried out in tandem with human supervision to guarantee the safety of patients, protection of privacy, and adherence to ethical principles. By adopting an appropriate strategy, ChatGPT has the potential to serve as a significant resource in reducing the healthcare disparity between rural and urban populations, thereby resulting in enhanced health consequences for the entire populace. ChatGPT, a valuable tool, faces challenges in remote healthcare due to internet connection issues, data privacy concerns, language and cultural differences, and limited technology availability. Misdiagnosis is more common due to its diagnostic accuracy relying on data quality. It also needs to understand complex situations, which is challenging in rural healthcare. Research could improve rural healthcare by preventing bias, updating medical information in real time, contextualizing understanding, privacy, security, digital infrastructure, education, and healthcare AI validation. Sirwan Khalid Ahmed: Conceptualization; writing—original draft. Safin Hussein: Conceptualization; data curation. Tahir Abdullah Aziz: Conceptualization; data curation. Sandip Chakraborty: Conceptualization; data curation. Md. Rabiul Islam: Supervision; writing—review and editing. Kuldeep Dhama: Supervision; writing—review and editing. The authors appreciate the editors and the reviewers for their insightful and helpful comments and remarks. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The authors declare no conflict of interest. The lead author Sirwan Khalid Ahmed, Md. Rabiul Islam affirms that this manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned (and, if relevant, registered) have been explained. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.