Changes in insomnia symptoms among compulsory education students in China after the “Double Reduction” policy: a two-wave longitudinal study

Abstract Objective In July 2021, the “Double Reduction” policy was introduced in China, aiming to alleviate the burden of excessive homework and off-campus tutoring for students in the compulsory education stage. The purpose of this study is to explore the changes in students’ insomnia symptoms and related factors after the policy implementation. Meanwhile, sex differences were further examined. Methods The baseline survey (T1) began in April 2021 (pre-policy), with a follow-up (T2) conducted in December 2021 (post-policy). A total of 28,398 students completed both T1 and T2 surveys and were included in this study. Insomnia symptoms were measured at both T1 and T2 using three questions from the Youth Self-Report Insomnia Scale. Demographics and anxiety and depressive symptoms were collected at T1, and policy-related indicators were assessed at T2. Results The prevalence of insomnia symptoms showed a slight decrease after the “Double Reduction” policy (9.9% vs. 9.2%). After controlling for demographics and anxiety and depressive symptoms, reduced homework (OR: 0.75 [0.65–0.86]), more family time (OR: 0.50 [0.44–0.57]), and reduced academic pressure (OR: 0.77 [0.71–0.83]) post-policy were related to a lower risk of new-onset insomnia symptoms. Additionally, more family time (OR: 0.59 [0.49–0.72]) and reduced academic pressure (OR:0.70 [0.56–0.86]) were factors against persistent insomnia symptoms. There were no significant sex differences in the associations between policy-related indicators and insomnia symptoms. Conclusions The “Double Reduction” policy has somewhat improved the students’ insomnia symptoms. Extending family time, and alleviating homework and academic burden are considered measures for maintaining sleep health in students.