Adaptive optics for high-resolution imaging

Adaptive optics (AO), a technique that corrects for optical aberrations, was originally proposed to correct for the blurring effect of atmospheric turbulence on images in ground-based telescopes; indeed, the technique was instrumental in the work that resulted in the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy, which was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in physics.When AO is used to correct for the eye's imperfect optics, retinal changes at the cellular level can be detected, allowing us to study the operation of the visual system and to assess ocular health in the microscopic domain.By correcting for sample-induced blur in microscopy, it has pushed the boundaries of imaging in thick tissue specimens, such as when observing neuronal processes in the brain.The focus of this primer is the application of AO for high resolution imaging in astronomy, vision science, and microscopy.It begins with an overview of the general principles of AO and its main components, which include methods to measure the aberrations and devices for their correction.These components are linked in operation via a control system.Results and applications from each field are presented, along with reproducibility considerations and limitations.Finally, future directions are discussed.