Recent advances in designable nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for environmental heavy-metal detection

Schematic of functional materials for electrochemical sensors, showcasing MWCNTs, CNFs, GO, Pd, Pt, Ni, Fe, Co, COFs, MOFs for detecting heavy metal ions (Pb, Cd, Hg, Ni, Cu, Cr, As) in complex environments with high sensitivity and reliability.