Flavonoids and Nanotechnology in Insulin Resistance Diabetic Complications

Diabetes is a persistent metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood sugar levels, potentially leading to complications such as diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy if not effectively managed. Although synthetic medications are available for diabetes treatment, their prolonged use often results in significant adverse effects. Flavonoids, occurring naturally in various groups, present an alternative therapeutic avenue. Recent research over the past few decades has emphasized the potential of flavonoids in the management of diabetes. However, a notable limitation lies in the fact that most of these compounds lack solubility in water, thereby limiting their effectiveness when administered in standard doses. To overcome this hurdle, scientists have developed various nanostructures tailored for flavonoids, with the aim of enhancing their solubility, absorption, and overall therapeutic impact. The utilization of nanocarriers shows immense promise in improving the accessibility of dietary flavonoids. These carriers encompass a diverse spectrum of nanoparticles, including polymers, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), micelles, liposomes, nanosuspensions, and nanoemulsions. Comprehensive studies conducted across ex vivo , in vitro , and in vivo systems suggest that combinations of flavonoids with nanoparticles offer heightened therapeutic potential, particularly in addressing conditions such as cancer and diabetes.