A new classification for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus

Abstract Background/purpose We aimed to correlate the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with macroscopic portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) who underwent partial hepatectomy with or without portal thrombectomy with our PVTT classification. Currently, different staging systems for HCC are widely used in clinical practice. However, they lack the refinement in giving prognosis and guiding surgical treatment once macroscopic PVTT is present. Methods A retrospective study was carried out, in a single tertiary center, from January 2001 to December 2004 on 441 patients who underwent partial hepatectomy with or without portal thrombectomy for HCC with macroscopic PVTT. Overall survival was examined to determine whether it was correlated with our PVTT classification, and with the TNM staging, Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) scoring system, and the Japan Integrated Staging (JIS) scoring system. Results With our PVTT classification, the numbers (percentages) of patients with types I, II, III, and IV PVTT were 144 (32.7%), 189 (42.9%), 86 (19.5%), and 22 (5.0%), respectively. The corresponding 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year overall survival rates for types I to IV PVTT were 54.8, 33.9, and 26.7%; 36.4, 24.9, and 16.9%; 25.9, 12.9, and 3.7%; and 11.1, 0, and 0%, respectively (log‐rank of the survival curves p < 0.0001). Using the TNM system, the majority of patients were classified as stage III ( n = 379 or 85.9%). Similarly, the majority of patients ( n = 388 or 88.0%) were classified as having CLIP scores of 2 ( n = 143, or 32.4%), 3 ( n = 171, or 38.8%), and 4 ( n = 74, or 16.8%). The 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year overall survivals for these 3 CLIP scores were very similar. Using the JIS score, the majority of patients ( n = 372 or 84.4%) were classified with a JIS score of 2. The 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year overall survivals of patients with a JIS score of 2 were worse than those of the patients with a JIS score of 1 (this was expected) as well as being worse than those with a JIS score of 3 (this was unexpected). Thus, the latter 3 systems of classification were not refined enough, and they were inadequate for stratifying HCC with macroscopic PVTT treated with partial hepatectomy with or without thrombectomy. Conclusions In patients with HCC with macroscopic PVTT treated by partial hepatectomy with or without thrombectomy, our PVTT classification better stratified and predicted prognosis than the TNM staging, CLIP scoring system, and JIS scoring system, which were unrefined and inadequate for this group of patients.