Peptide Signaling during Plant Reproduction

Accumulating evidence suggests that peptide hormones play critical roles in coordinating male–female gametophyte interactions for successful plant reproduction processes through receptor-like kinase-mediated signaling in flowering plants. During the self-incompatibility response in Brassica napus, the interaction of S-LOCUS RECEPTOR KINASE (SRK) receptor with its ligand S-LOCUS CYSTEINE RICH PROTEIN/S-LOCUS PROTEIN11 (SCR/SP11) causes ARMADILLO-REPEAT-CONTAINING1 (ARC1) to mediate proteosomal degradation of compatibility factors, leading to pollen rejection. LURE peptide-mediated signaling is critical for pollen tube guidance and reproductive isolation in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). A male and female-derived peptide ligand switching mechanism allows pollen tube maintenance and pollen tube rupture for sperm release to be spatiotemporally regulated. Two FERONIA (FER) receptor-dependent processes, deposition of de-esterified pectin, and an increase in nitric oxide levels, enable the prevention of polyspermy to ensure reproductive success. Plant signaling peptides are involved in cell–cell communication networks and coordinate a wide range of plant growth and developmental processes. Signaling peptides generally bind to receptor-like kinases, inducing their dimerization with co-receptors for signaling activation to trigger cellular signaling and biological responses. Fertilization is an important life event in flowering plants, involving precise control of cell–cell communications between male and female tissues. Peptide-receptor-like kinase-mediated signaling plays an important role in male–female interactions for successful fertilization in flowering plants. Here, we describe the recent findings on the functions and signaling pathways of peptides and receptors involved in plant reproduction processes including pollen germination, pollen tube growth, pollen tube guidance to the embryo sac, and sperm cell reception in female tissues. Plant signaling peptides are involved in cell–cell communication networks and coordinate a wide range of plant growth and developmental processes. Signaling peptides generally bind to receptor-like kinases, inducing their dimerization with co-receptors for signaling activation to trigger cellular signaling and biological responses. Fertilization is an important life event in flowering plants, involving precise control of cell–cell communications between male and female tissues. Peptide-receptor-like kinase-mediated signaling plays an important role in male–female interactions for successful fertilization in flowering plants. Here, we describe the recent findings on the functions and signaling pathways of peptides and receptors involved in plant reproduction processes including pollen germination, pollen tube growth, pollen tube guidance to the embryo sac, and sperm cell reception in female tissues. a part of stamen; consists of four sac-shaped structures that produce pollen. a part of seed developed after the fertilization of an ovule by pollen; tissue from which a young plant grows after seed germination. the female gametophyte in the ovule of an angiosperm. The embryo sac contains four cell types of three antipodals, two synergids, and two female gametes, the central cell and the egg cell. seed tissue that protects embryo stores and provides nutrients necessary for embryo development and seed germination. The endosperm is produced by the fertilization of the female gamete central cell with a sperm cell. a multiprotein complex involved in vesicle trafficking, which tethers and targets the secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane prior to vesicle fusion. a complex, thickened cell wall located at the micropylar end of a synergid cell. a multicellular haploid organism in the phase of sexual reproduction in plants, divided into a male gametophyte which produces twin sperm cells, and a female gametophyte which produces an egg cell. a group of alleles inherited from a single parent. the area of the ovule through which the pollen tube enters and is adjacent to the FA. an organ that develops seeds after double fertilization. hair-like cells covering the stigma surface. grain-shaped male gametophyte which contains male gametes (sperm cells). a tube formed during pollen germination which transports male gametes to the ovule; a tip-growing cell similar to a root hair. the fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm. a genetic mechanism of an angiosperm which prevents self-fertilization at the early stage of pollination. a transverse partition of the pistil. a multicellular diploid organism in the phase of asexual reproduction in the life cycle of plants with alternating generations. The sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis. a tip of the pistil which receives pollen. tissue connecting the stigma and the ovary in the pistil. the two gametophytic cells derived from a single nucleus of the female gametophyte, which is located on the micropylar end of the ovule with a discontinuous cell wall near the egg, the central cell, and the filiform apparatus. Synergids attract the pollen tube and control the release of the sperm cells. cells providing nutrition to the developing pollen in the anther. a moving track of the pollen tube, located in the center of the pistil.