A new sensitive electrochemical sensor based on BiVO4/ZrO2@graphene modified GCE for concurrent sensing of acetaminophen, phenylephrine hydrochloride and cytosine in medications and human serum samples

The studies on electrochemical sensing of organics present together at low concentration continue to attract researchers. In the present study, concurrent sensing of acetaminophen (AAP), phenylephrine hydrochloride (PPH) and cytosine (CTS) was attempted and implemented successfully with bismuth vanadate/zirconium [email protected] (BiVO4/ZrO2@graphene) modified glassy carbon electrode. The electroactive nanocomposite (EANC) was characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM with EDX and RAMAN spectroscopy. Using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the electrochemical oxidative sensing of AAP, PPH, and CTS was investigated. The electrode exhibited enhanced sensitivity and well separation of signals due to all the three analytes. The analytes showed linear response of 7.5 nM to 255.8 μM, 9.5 nM to 120.1 μM and 10.5 nM to 350.05 μM for AAP, PPH and CTS, respectively, and their detection limit was equal to 6.5, 6.9 and 3.8 μM respectively. The research subsequently succeeded to pharmaceutics and blood serum evaluation of same analytes. The stability of the modified electrode was indeed excellent. As a result, the current electrode material could be a successful one for making a commercial electrochemical sensor sense AAP, PPH, and CTS at the same time.