The deleterious effect of acetaminophen in cancer immunotherapy

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) receptor and/or its ligand (PD-L1) have demonstrated unprecedented success and versatility in oncology. To date, the Food and Drug Administration has approved anti-PD-(L)1 mAbs as monotherapy for >20 different indications. These indications are progressing to early stages of cancer, including the neoadjuvant setting, and have been expanded with the approval of combination therapies of anti-PD-(L)1 mAbs with other immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as anti–cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) or with conventional antitumor treatments such as chemotherapies and/or antiangiogenic agents.