心理学
灵活性(工程)
注意力控制
孤独
控制(管理)
工作记忆
认知心理学
执行职能
认知
认知灵活性
发展心理学
社会心理学
神经科学
统计
经济
管理
数学
出处
期刊:Annual Review of Psychology
[Annual Reviews]
日期:2013-01-03
卷期号:64 (1): 135-168
被引量:8298
标识
DOI:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
摘要
Executive functions (EFs) make possible mentally playing with ideas; taking the time to think before acting; meeting novel, unanticipated challenges; resisting temptations; and staying focused. Core EFs are inhibition [response inhibition (self-control—resisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively) and interference control (selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking “outside the box,” seeing anything from different perspectives, and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances). The developmental progression and representative measures of each are discussed. Controversies are addressed (e.g., the relation between EFs and fluid intelligence, self-regulation, executive attention, and effortful control, and the relation between working memory and inhibition and attention). The importance of social, emotional, and physical health for cognitive health is discussed because stress, lack of sleep, loneliness, or lack of exercise each impair EFs. That EFs are trainable and can be improved with practice is addressed, including diverse methods tried thus far.
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