钴
电池(电)
锂(药物)
供应链
原材料
锂离子电池
供求关系
电
锰
废物管理
材料科学
环境科学
工艺工程
自然资源经济学
工程类
业务
冶金
化学
电气工程
功率(物理)
经济
营销
微观经济学
有机化学
内分泌学
物理
医学
量子力学
作者
Elsa Olivetti,Gerbrand Ceder,Gabrielle Gaustad,Xinkai Fu
出处
期刊:Joule
[Elsevier]
日期:2017-10-01
卷期号:1 (2): 229-243
被引量:1087
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.019
摘要
Summary
Sustained growth in lithium-ion battery (LIB) demand within the transportation sector (and the electricity sector) motivates detailed investigations of whether future raw materials supply will reconcile with resulting material requirements for these batteries. We track the metal content associated with compounds used in LIBs. We find that most of the key constituents, including manganese, nickel, and natural graphite, have sufficient supply to meet the anticipated increase in demand for LIBs. There may be challenges in rapidly scaling the use of materials associated with lithium and cobalt in the short term. Due to long battery lifetimes and multiple end uses, recycling is unlikely to provide significant short-term supply. There are risks associated with the geopolitical concentrations of these elements, particularly for cobalt. The lessons revealed in this work can be relevant to other industries in which the rapid growth of a materials-dependent technology disrupts the global supply of those materials.
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