Management of the Low Cardiac Output Syndrome Following Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease

The purpose of this review is to discuss the management of the low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) following surgery for congenital heart disease. The LCOS is a well-recognized, frequent post-operative complication with an accepted collection of hemodynamic and physiologic aberrations. Approximately 25% of children experience a decrease in cardiac index of less than 2 L/min/m2 within 6-18 hours after cardiac surgery. Post-operative strategies that may be used to manage patients as risk for or in a state of low cardiac output include the use of hemodynamic monitoring, enabling a timely and accurate assessment of cardiovascular function and tissue oxygenation; optimization of ventricular loading conditions; the judicious use of inotropic agents; an appreciation of and the utilization of positive pressure ventilation for circulatory support; and, in some circumstances, mechanical circulatory support. All interventions and strategies should culminate in improving the relationship between oxygen supply and demand, ensuring adequate tissue oxygenation. Keywords: Acute kidney injury, heart failure, hemodynamic monitoring, low cardiac output, mechanical circulatory devices, Pediatrics, vasoactive therapies.