An ultra-stable laser based on molecular iodine with a short-term instability of 3.3 × 10−15 for space based gravity missions

Abstract Many space based gravity missions require frequency stabilized lasers with stringent requirements. Toward those requirements, we develop a compact frequency-stabilized laser which is referenced to the R(56)32−0: a 1 transition of molecular iodine based on the modulation transfer spectroscopy technique. The stability of the laser is limited by the beam pointing noise, the electronic servo noise, and the residual amplitude modulation (RAM) noise. To improve the beam pointing stability, the system is constructed by gluing most components of the optical system on an ultra-low expansion glass base. We use a pre-amplifier to suppress the electronic servo noise, and use a wedged electro-optic phase modulator to suppress the RAM noise. The fractional frequency instability of the system is evaluated to be 3.3 × 10 −15 at 2 s and 4 s averaging time, and is lower than 6 × 10 −15 at averaging times from 1 s to 10 000 s. To our knowledge, this is the best short-term (1–4 s) instability reported so far for an iodine stabilized laser. The stability fully meets the requirements of next generation gravity mission and laser interferometer space antenna mission.