Functionals nanoarchitectonics based on metallic, and carbon structures: A review

Approaches to metallic (MNAc) and carbon nanoarchitectonics (CNAc) are explained from unitary components (types of nanoparticles (NPs)), structures, and applications, as well as the types of functionalization (oxides, carbon, and polymers) and their relationship with the nanostructure. Briefly, functionalization increases the properties and characteristics of nanoparticles by modifying the surface with known chemical elements and functional groups, providing an important role in the areas of environmental remediation, energy generation, and medical fields, solving problems such as lack of energy, materials renewable, wastewater treatments, and cancer therapy. Regarding the results, the functionalization promoted an increase in the properties; electronics (lowering the energy band gap in supercapacitors, batteries, and electrodes), biological (chemotherapy, antibacterial treatments where facilitating effective carriers for drug delivery and targeted genes), mechanical (tensile and flexural strength for biomaterials), and rheological (decreases the viscosity for wastewater treatments and catalysis) both nanoarchitectures, this is due to the particle size of the functionalization as well as the methodology used for the synthesis of nanoparticles and their parameters. It is worth mentioning that the functionalization categories found were irradiation and physicochemical and the nature of the covalent bond, indicating a strong interaction between the substrate and the functionalization. Therefore, the functionalization processes in nanoarchitectonics (NAc) of metallic and carbon compounds confer an increase in the properties and characteristics of reaching the target of application, resulting in interactions at the molecular level, where they facilitate the production of nanoscale units for better application, however, the functionalization requires more energy, making the process repeated, reducing the final yield, resulting in commercial/industrial aspects unfeasible, this being a challenge to be studied and overcome.