Mucosal Metabolomic Signatures in Chronic Colitis: Novel Insights into the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) involve complex interactions among genetic factors, aberrant immune activation, and gut microbial dysbiosis. While metabolomic studies have focused on feces and serum, fewer investigations have examined the intestinal mucosa despite its crucial role in metabolite absorption and transport. The goals of this study were twofold: to test the hypothesis that gut microbial dysbiosis from chronic intestinal inflammation leads to mucosal metabolic alterations suitable for therapeutic targeting, and to address gaps in metabolomic studies of intestinal inflammation that have overlooked the mucosal metabolome. The chronic DSS colitis was induced for five weeks in 7–9-week-old wild-type C57BL/6J male mice followed by microbial profiling with targeted 16srRNA sequencing service. Mucosal metabolite measurements were performed by Metabolon (Morrisville, NC). The data were analyzed using the bioinformatic tools Pathview, MetOrigin, and Metaboanalyst. The novel findings demonstrated increases in several host- and microbe-derived purine, pyrimidine, endocannabinoid, and ceramide metabolites in colitis. Origin analysis revealed that microbial-related tryptophan metabolites kynurenine, anthranilate, 5-hydroxyindoleacetate, and C-glycosyltryptophan were significantly increased in colon mucosa during chronic inflammation and strongly correlated with disease activity. These findings offer new insights into the pathophysiology of IBD and provide novel potential targets for microbial-based therapeutics.