Intelligent microsphere-gel structures: Pioneering multi-range temperature sensing technology

Microsphere-gel materials, a distinct class of functional materials, exhibit exceptional temperature sensing capabilities. This review delves into the advancement of temperature sensors employing microsphere-gel materials, emphasizing the enhancement of temperature sensing performance through innovative material modifications and structural optimizations. In the realm of temperature sensing, these smart materials uniquely integrate with hardware and software systems, facilitating a linear signal response to temperature variations. Additionally, they exhibit a visually perceivable temperature sensing mechanism through color changes, adding to their versatility. Due to the numerous advantages of for seeking gel-materials, new possibilities are offered in the field of temperature sensing. In this review, we systematically classify temperature-sensitive microsphere-gel materials according to specific attributes, such as sensing structures, temperature measurement ranges, and sensitivities. The manifold properties and outstanding performance demonstrated by these materials have resulted in their extensive application across various domains, encompassing but not restricted to medical monitoring, electronic skins, information encryption, and visual sensing. The focal point of this review is centered on microsphere-gel systems, providing comprehensive insights into diverse temperature-sensing principles and structural designs. It underscores their promising applications across diverse engineering domains. Moreover, the study critically addresses the principal challenges encountered in optimizing the structure of microsphere-gel temperature sensors and outlines prospective research trajectories. As these materials continue to evolve, their adaptability, sustainability, and suitability for specialized environments are expected to significantly advance the frontier of smart material technologies, thereby pushing the boundaries of temperature sensing capabilities.