Sensorized assessment of bilateral hand movements in patients with stroke driven by rhythmic auditory or visual-auditory stimulation.

There is a growing body of literature about the efficacy in neurorehabilitation of the devices providing rhythmic auditory stimulations or visual-auditory stimulations, such as videogames, for guiding the patients' movements. Despite being presented as tools able to motivate patients, their efficacy was not been proven yet, probably due to the limited knowledge about the factors influencing the capability of patients to move the upper limbs following an external stimulus. In this study, we used a marker less system based on two infrared sensors to assess the kinematics of up and down in-phase and anti-phase bilateral hand oscillations synchronized or not with an external stimulus. A group of stroke survivors, one of age-matched healthy subjects and one of young healthy subjects were tested in three conditions: no stimulus, auditory stimulus, and video-auditory stimulus. Our results showed significant negative effects of visual-auditory stimulus in the frequency of movements (p = 0.001), and of auditory stimulus in their fluidity (p = 0.013). These results are conceivably related to the attentional overload required during the execution of bilateral movements driven by an external stimulus. However, a positive effect of external stimulus was found in increasing the range of movements of the less functional hand in all subjects (p = 0.023). These findings highlight as the type of stimulus may play a crucial role in the patient's performance with respect to movements that are not-externally driven.