Maisonneuve Fractures of the Ankle: A Critical Analysis Review.

Maisonneuve fractures (MFs), originally described as subcapital (high) fibular fractures with additional injury to the anterior and interosseous tibiofibular ligaments, display a variable injury pattern, ranging from stable to highly unstable fractures.The high incidence of associated fractures of the posterior malleolus, the medial malleolus, and the anterolateral distal tibia (the "anterior malleolus") as well as the variable position of the fibula in the fibular notch (FN) warrant preoperative examination via computed tomography (CT).The main goal of treatment is anatomic reduction of the distal fibula into the FN, which requires prior reduction of displaced posterior malleolar fractures, if present, to restore the integrity of the FN.Open reduction of the distal fibula into the FN and fixation with 2 transsyndesmotic screws or fixation with a screw(s) and suture-button implant, under direct vision, on the lateral aspect of the ankle joint and anterior tibiofibular alignment are preferred over closed reduction to avoid sagittal or rotational malpositioning, which is associated with an inferior outcome.Intra- or postoperative 3D CT visualization is essential for assessment of the accuracy of the reduction of the distal fibula into the FN.