In vitro and in vivo effects of fluoride ions on enzyme activity.

RESULTS This work presents mechanisms by which interaction of fluoride ions with enzymes can take place. The effects of fluoride on enzymes participating in cellular metabolic pathways, like energy formation and carbohydrate and lipid turnover, are discussed. A list of enzymes which are inhibited or activated in vivo and in vitro by fluoride ions is provided, together with information on species and organs of origin, fluoride concentration, and extent of inhibition or activation.