Metal Ions in Halide Perovskite Materials and Devices

The influence of metal ions on perovskite properties and resulting device performance has been undeniable in progressing the field of inorganic and organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites. Here we provide a review on the capacity of metal ions to impart a broad range of effects from controlling crystallization to the alloying, doping, and passivation of perovskite materials. Although some metal ions have already proved effective in modulating bandgaps through alloying, their ability to control crystallization, carrier concentration, and emissive effects still require significant improvements in fundamental understanding. This presents enormous opportunities in research that may afford novel properties and applications through unparalleled control of perovskite materials.