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Health risks and benefits from calcium and vitamin D supplementation: Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and cohort study

医学 妇女健康倡议 危险系数 维生素D与神经学 内科学 人口 安慰剂 心肌梗塞 随机对照试验 髋部骨折 冲程(发动机) 骨质疏松症 维生素 物理疗法 外科 观察研究 置信区间 环境卫生 替代医学 病理 工程类 机械工程
作者
Ross L. Prentice,Mary Pettinger,Rebecca D. Jackson,Jean Wactawski‐Wende,Andrea Z. LaCroix,Garnet L. Anderson,Rowan T. Chlebowski,JoAnn E. Manson,Linda Van Horn,Mara Z. Vitolins,Mridul Datta,Erin S. LeBlanc,Jane A. Cauley,Jacques E. Rossouw
出处
期刊:Osteoporosis International [Springer Science+Business Media]
卷期号:24 (2): 567-580 被引量:257
标识
DOI:10.1007/s00198-012-2224-2
摘要

The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial randomly assigned 36,282 postmenopausal women in the U.S. to 1,000 mg elemental calcium carbonate plus 400 IU of vitamin D(3) daily or placebo, with average intervention period of 7.0 years. The trial was designed to test whether calcium plus vitamin D supplementation in a population in which the use of these supplements was widespread would reduce hip fracture, and secondarily, total fracture and colorectal cancer.This study further examines the health benefits and risks of calcium and vitamin D supplementation using WHI data, with emphasis on fractures, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and total mortality.WHI calcium and vitamin D randomized clinical trial (CT) data through the end of the intervention period were further analyzed with emphasis on treatment effects in relation to duration of supplementation, and these data were contrasted and combined with corresponding data from the WHI prospective observational study (OS).Among women not taking personal calcium or vitamin D supplements at baseline, the hazard ratio [HR] for hip fracture occurrence in the CT following 5 or more years of calcium and vitamin D supplementation versus placebo was 0.62 (95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.38-1.00). In combined analyses of CT and OS data, the corresponding HR was 0.65 (95 % CI, 0.44-0.98). Supplementation effects were not apparent on the risks of myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, total heart disease, stroke, overall cardiovascular disease, colorectal cancer, or total mortality, while evidence for a reduction in breast cancer risk and total invasive cancer risk among calcium plus vitamin D users was only suggestive.Though based primarily on a subset analysis, long-term use of calcium and vitamin D appears to confer a reduction that may be substantial in the risk of hip fracture among postmenopausal women. Other health benefits and risks of supplementation at doses considered, including an elevation in urinary tract stone formation, appear to be modest and approximately balanced.
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