The effects of gamification on tourist psychological outcomes: an application of letterboxing and external rewards to maze park

This study tested the impacts of two-game features, (1) letterboxing (i.e., earning six stamps from hidden places) and (2) external rewards (i.e., giveaways), in order of understanding the gamification on tourist psychological outcomes in a maze park. A total of 1,203 participants were divided into four conditions through a field experiment, resulting from the factorial combination of the letterboxing and the external rewards. The main effects of letterboxing that trigger intrinsic motivations appear to be significant on tourist psychological outcomes. Moreover, the results indicate that there are significant interaction effects between letterboxing and rewards on tourist flow.