Three-Dimensional Colloidal Controlled Growth of Core–Shell Heterostructured Persistent Luminescence Nanocrystals

Persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) are an emerging photonic nanomaterial that possesses uniquely persistent luminescence properties after excitation ceases. They can be repeatedly recharged in vitro and in vivo and hold great promise for numerous areas and applications. Unfortunately, none of the existing synthesis methods can control their composition to grow core–shell structured PLNPs with desirable shapes and enhanced functionalities. Here, we report on straightforward thermolysis-mediated colloidal synthesis of CaF2:Dy@NaYF4 core–shell PLNPs that can enhance persistent luminescence under both light and X-ray excitations. Benefitting from the well-matched crystal lattices between CaF2 and NaYF4, this colloidal synthesis makes it possible to prepare core–shell PLNPs with exquisite control of the compositions, shapes, and enhanced luminescence. This demonstration of the developing colloidal core–shell PLNPs overcomes the current key bottleneck regarding the synthesis of heterostructured PLNPs and sets the stage for fully exploiting the potential of these fascinating luminous materials.