Neutropenic enterocolitis after high‐dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation: incidence, risk factors, and outcome

Abstract Background Neutropenic enterocolitis ( NE ) is a life‐threatening complication occurring after intensive chemotherapy; however, no data are available on NE development after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ( SCT ). The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, risk factors, and outcome of NE after high‐dose chemotherapy and autologous SCT (auto SCT ). Methods A total of 297 adult patients who qualified for auto SCT with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma ( NHL ), Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, and acute myeloid leukemia were analyzed. Patients were conditioned with carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, melphalan ( BEAM ); melphalan alone; or busulfan and cyclophosphamide (BuCy2), and transplanted with peripheral blood or bone marrow CD 34 + cells. Diagnosis of NE was established in case of neutropenic fever, abdominal pain or diarrhea, and bowel wall thickening >4 mm on abdominal sonography. Results Neutropenic infections occurred in 262 patients (88%). NE was diagnosed in 32 patients (12%), a median +3 (1‐5) days after SCT . Bloodstream infections were present in 18 patients, with gram‐negative bacteria in 11 patients. All patients were treated conservatively with carbapenems and total parenteral nutrition with bowel rest. The course of disease was complicated by ileus or septic shock in 9 patients, and was fatal for 3 (9.6%) patients. In univariate analysis, the initial diagnosis of NHL ( P = 0.017) and conditioning with BEAM ( P = 0.043) had prognostic value. In multivariate analysis, only initial diagnosis of NHL ( P = 0.017) had prognostic significance. Conclusions NE is a rare but severe complication in patients undergoing auto SCT . Gram‐negative bacteria remain the main causative pathogen. Abdominal sonography allows early diagnosis and treatment, effective in most of patients without surgery. In our analysis, NE was seen more often in NHL patients treated with a BEAM regimen.