Nanotechnology-based therapeutics for targeting inflammatory lung diseases

The physiochemical properties of drugs used in treating inflammation-associated lung diseases (i.e., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis) play an important role in determining the effectiveness of formulations. Most commonly used drugs are associated with low solubility, low stability and rapid clearance, thus resulting in low bioavailability and therapeutic index. This review focuses on current trends and development of drugs (i.e., corticosteroids, long-acting β-agonists and biomacromolecules such as DNA, siRNA and mRNA) employed to treat inflammatory lung diseases. In addition, this review includes the current challenges of and future perspective with regard to nanotechnology in the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases.Various lung diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary fibrosis, are associated with persistent inflammation, aberrant lung structure and consequent loss of lung function. Common treatments for inflammatory-related lung diseases rely on the use of anti-inflammatory agents to relieve symptoms and alleviate lung injury. In some severe cases, patients do not respond to anti-inflammatory agents even though larger doses have been administered. Therefore, researchers have employed a nanotechnology approach to deliver drugs in an attempt to achieve effective therapeutic outcomes. These nanoparticles, which are usually designed with a particle size <1000 nm, are formulated to deliver various drugs (i.e., corticosteroids, long-acting β-agonists and biomacromolecules such as DNA, siRNA and mRNA) to treat inflammation-associated lung diseases. Nanoparticles can be delivered by inhalation, ingestion or injection. To date, several different nanoparticle carriers have been studied, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymer-based nanoparticles and dendrimers.