Sex Differences in Verbal Fluency During Adolescence: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Gender Dysphoric and Control Boys and Girls

心理学 变性人 口语流利性测试 听力学 功能磁共振成像 发展心理学 盖(苔藓虫) 流利 性别认同障碍 临床心理学 神经心理学 医学 认知 神经科学 性别认同 数学教育 变性人 社会心理学 植物 精神分析 生物
作者
Remi S. Soleman,Sebastian E.E. Schagen,Dick J. Veltman,Baudewijntje P.C. Kreukels,Peggy T. Cohen‐Kettenis,Cornelis B. Lambalk,Femke M. Wouters,Henriëtte A. Delemarre‐van de Waal
出处
期刊:The Journal of Sexual Medicine [Elsevier]
卷期号:10 (8): 1969-1977 被引量:51
标识
DOI:10.1111/jsm.12083
摘要

ABSTRACT Introduction In the literature, verbal fluency (VF) is generally described as a female-favoring task. Although it is conceivable that this sex difference only evolves during adolescence or adulthood under influence of sex steroids, this has never been investigated in young adolescents. Aim First, to assess sex differences in VF performance and regional brain activation in adolescents. Second, to determine if untreated transsexual adolescents differ from their sex of birth with regard to VF performance and regional brain activation. Method Twenty-five boys, 26 girls, 8 Male-to-Female transsexual adolescents (MtFs), and 14 Female-to-Male transsexual adolescents (FtMs) were tested in a cross-sectional study, while performing a phonetic and semantic VF task within an MRI scanner. Main Outcome Measures Functional MRI response during VF task. Results Boys and girls produced similar amounts of words, but the group MtFs produced significantly more words in the phonetic condition compared to control boys, girls, and FtMs. During the semantic condition, no differences were found. With regard to brain activity, control boys showed more activation in the right Rolandic operculum, a small area adjacent to Broca's area, compared to girls. No significant differences in brain activity were found comparing transsexual adolescents, although sub-threshold activation was found in the right Rolandic operculum indicating a trendwise increase in activation from control girls to FtMs to MtFs to control boys. Conclusions The better performance of MtFs is consistent with our expectation that MtFs perform better on female-favoring tasks. Moreover, they produced more words than girls and FtMs. Even though a trendwise linear increase in brain activity between the four groups only approached significance, it may indicate differences in individuals with gender identity disorder compared to their birth sex. Although our findings should thus be interpreted with caution, they suggest a biological basis for both transgender groups performing in-between the two sexes.
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