Progress in Superhydrophobic Structure Optimisation and Performance Enhancement: A Review

Background: Superhydrophobic surfaces have broad application prospects in several fields due to their excellent hydrophobic properties, but the traditional methods of manufacturing superhydrophobic surfaces are time-consuming and laborious, the surface wear resistance is poor, and the chemical reagents contain toxic substances, making it difficult to promote the use of superhydrophobicity inexpensively. Objective:: To solve the problems of high cost, instability, and poor mechanical properties of superhydrophobic structures, we explore the preparation methods of superhydrophobic surface structures to improve the surface superhydrophobicity and reduce manufacturing and usage costs. Method: This paper provides an overview of the literature on preparing superhydrophobic structures and improving superhydrophobic properties. Based on the summary of the research results of other scholars, this paper focuses on the preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces by carbine-co-polymerization covalent grafting chemical reactions and the improvement of superhydrophobic properties by durable opaque coatings with vacuum-deposited layers. Results: These two methods are simple to operate and circumvent the problem of oxidative degradation of compounds in the natural environment to produce environmental pollutants. The method I produces a low surface energy stratified micro-nano composite structure on the fiber surface of the fabric by carbon copolymerization covalent grafting reaction. The method II prepares a durable opaque coating with a vacuum-deposited layer, particularly useful on mechanical components or for any other applications not requiring an optically clear coating. Conclusion: This paper provides an important basis for optimizing the preparation process of superhydrophobic structures, synthesizing and developing environmentally friendly superhydrophobic materials, extending the service life of superhydrophobic materials, and provides specific guidance for improving the superhydrophobic properties and durability and enhancing the combination of superhydrophobic surfaces with additional functions.