Edge localized modes: recent experimental findings and related issues

Edge localized mode (ELM) measurements in many tokamaks, including ASDEX-Upgrade, DIII-D, JET, JT-60U and MAST, are reviewed, which includes progress in experimental observations at the plasma edge region by means of fast-time resolved diagnostics with high precision, such as scanning probe, radial interferometer chord, BES and tangentially viewing fast-gated camera at the midplane. ELM dynamics data show that the majority of the ELM particle and energy transport should be dominated by ion convection physics and associated timescales. Furthermore, recent diagnostic upgrades on many tokamaks reveal the ELM filament structure and their complex motion towards radial, poloidal and toroidal directions. Approaches to control the Type-I ELMs, in addition to the alternative scenarios to Type-I ELMy H-mode operation (so-called, small/no ELM regimes) are also a key area of research for current tokamaks, which demonstrated a high confinement (being comparable to that of Type-I ELMy H-mode plasmas at similar parameters) in the absence of large, ELM induced, transient heat/particle fluxes to the divertor targets. Although tolerable ELM regimes are obtained in existing devices, their application to ITER is uncertain. Issues of these regimes towards further experiments and power deposition on divertor targets and main chamber wall are discussed.